There were further improved returns to the crop improvement research. These efforts benefitted all consumers in the world, particularly the poor. Studies also showed that without the green revolution, caloric availability would have declined by around 11–13%. In addition, there were significant impacts on poverty reduction and lower food prices. This came true all over the world, with a few exceptions. After the green revolution, the production of cereal crops tripled with only a 30% increase in the land area cultivated. This included selection for higher yield potential wide adaptation to diverse environments short growth duration superior grain quality resistance to biotic stress, insects, and pests and resistance to abiotic stress, including drought and flooding ( Khush, 2001). Efforts were made to improve the genetic component of traditional crops. There was a high investment in crop research, infrastructure, market development, and appropriate policy support ( Pingali, 2012). The green revolution led to high productivity of crops through adapted measures, such as (1) increased area under farming, (2) double-cropping, which includes planting two crops rather than one, annually, (3) adoption of HYV of seeds, (4) highly increased use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides, (5) improved irrigation facilities, and (6) improved farm implements and crop protection measures ( Singh, 2000 Brainerd and Menon, 2014) and modifications in farm equipment. Not to deny, the green revolution was capable of mitigating hunger and malnutrition in the short term as well ( Davis et al., 2019). The green revolution's primary aim was to introduce high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of cereals to alleviate poverty and malnutrition ( Nelson et al., 2019). It started around 1960s and helped in increasing food production in the country. In India, the green revolution was launched under the guidance of geneticist Dr. He provided new seeds for cultivation, which were stocky, disease-resistant, fast-growing, and highly responsive to fertilizers. At the same time, Norman Borlaug, an agronomist, contributed to the green revolution significantly, and this had set out its effects throughout the world. There was a severe shortage of food crops as well as commercial crops. Political situations that prevailed also had a negative impact on the food system. Many farmers were in debt, and they had become landless laborers. Food availability was only 417 g per day per person ( Ghosh, 2002). The production of food within India was insufficient in the years from 1947 to 1960 as there was a growing population, during which a famine was also anticipated ( Nelson et al., 2019).
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